| Solar panel | Solar panel are devices that convert sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or electricity production. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a diverse landscape of gentle slopes, historic forts, and lively city hubs that combine tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural light emitted by the sun, vital for living organisms on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of power generated by the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It fuels innumerable appliances and networks, facilitating contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction movement of electric charge, generally produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to run various digital equipment. It consists of one or more electrochemical units, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home use and utility connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and ensuring reliable, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity cyclically, generally used in residential and business power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to determine the extent, amount, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive plants that capture sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a renewable and sustainable energy resource, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar panels that gather solar radiation and convert it into electricity. This energy is then beamed to our planet for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for later use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations typically utilize batteries to provide backup energy, reduce energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells documents the progress and advancements in photovoltaic technology from the beginning invention of the solar effect to modern advanced solar arrays. It showcases significant breakthroughs, including the development of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have greatly boosted energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic scientist noted for his pioneering work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His tests laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with certain materials to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US innovator who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its crucial role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar modules. It is a tough, fragile crystal substance with a blue-grey metallic luster, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small device installed on each solar module to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach improves system efficiency, enables improved system tracking, and increases energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar panels to supply a renewable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a fundamental particle which represents a unit of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It serves a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances turn sunlight directly into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This event is the basic foundation behind solar cell technology, facilitating the utilization of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic devices due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, furnishings, and external influences. Both are important considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components end-to-end, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the speed at which electrical energy flows by an electric circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the speed of energy movement or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which drives the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the energy per individual charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the base unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in A. It is essential for supplying electronic devices and enabling the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the unit of electric current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the layout and capacity of power systems to guarantee secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for recharging and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like cells or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It enables the application of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as an collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the orientation of photovoltaic panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, enhancing solar energy capture. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power gathering by keeping best panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the power generation of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the maximum power point of the solar panels. This methodology guarantees the most efficient power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that observes and examines the efficiency of solar panel systems in live, delivering important data on energy production and system condition. It aids maximize solar power generation by detecting faults early and guaranteeing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous minute silicon lattice structures, typically used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves fusing and reforming silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline type suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity form of silicon with a uniform lattice arrangement, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in better performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a category of film solar technology that provides a affordable and effective option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their excellent absorption performance and moderately low manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar devices that use a composite compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their great light capturing efficiency, bendability, and potential for compact, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in solar panels and electronic components due to its affordability and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic devices that use various p-n connections layered in tandem to collect a broader range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. These are mainly used in space missions and high-performance solar power installations due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that generate solar radiation into electric power to supply onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize focusing elements or mirrors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is ideal for massive solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, delivering a cost-effective option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in various technological uses. These layers are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in thickness, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics industry, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are accurate gauges used to exactly measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, commonly in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the substrate for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible solar units known for their high efficiency and flexibility, making them suitable for various uses. They employ a stratified semiconductor structure that converts sunlight straight into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into energy using solar panels, providing a sustainable energy source for home, business, and large-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, renewable, and affordable way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based compounds, to convert solar radiation into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and provide cost-effective, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic substance used in laminate solar modules due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves placing a light film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations information various large-scale solar energy facilities around the globe, showcasing their output and sites. These stations play a vital role in green energy production and international efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale systems that turn sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as contamination, global warming, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and water. It offers a sustainable solution to traditional fuels, decreasing environmental impact and promoting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, petroleum, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the main fuels for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as Pb, quicksilver, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how effectively a solar cell generates sunlight into usable electricity. Boosting this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This growth is revolutionizing the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of sustainable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through instrument that refracts light to bring together or separate rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to optical surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It boosts the crispness and illumination of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This phenomenon typically happens when the waves are out of phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave throughout its cycle, permitting cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a tiny component used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system efficiency by enhancing power output at the module level and simplifies installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage and current cyclically reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical connector used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that ensure a secure and consistent connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global safety validation body that assesses and certifies products to confirm they meet specific security requirements. It assists consumers and firms recognize dependable and secure products through thorough review and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the identical electric current passes through all components, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in a single way exclusively, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, created to deliver electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside a automobile. It permits users to recharge electronic devices or operate small appliances when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking peripherals to PCs, allowing data transmission and power supply. It backs a broad spectrum of peripherals such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage devices, and cell phones, with multiple versions offering increased speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from radio signals to high-energy photons, each with varied lengths and energies. This spectrum is essential for many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It plays a important role in including vitamin D production but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per sq meter. It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to measure the magnitude of energy or power received or emitted over a specific surface, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with grasping the dispersion and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to illustrate the spread of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big volume of atmosphere with fairly even thermal and dampness characteristics, deriving from from specific source regions. These airmass impact climate trends and atmospheric conditions as they travel over diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of dirt, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their output. Routine maintenance and care are important to limit energy waste and ensure best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the peak power capacity of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak capacity to generate electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to check the voltage between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a metalloid element essential for plant growth and used in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that render it beneficial in producing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive collections of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This method boosts crop production while concurrently generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight using both surfaces, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by leveraging albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of multiple solar modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to generate clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that provides shade and cover from the elements for al fresco areas. It boosts the usability and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an viewer to a target object. It is commonly used in navigation, surveying, and astrophysics to indicate the orientation of an celestial body with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a popular option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies features the top manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in advancing solar energy adoption and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to a billion W, used to assess massive energy generation and usage. It is commonly associated with generating stations, national grids, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a global leader in solar power solutions, expert in producing thin film solar panels that provide high-performance and low-cost power generation. The company is focused on eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly integrating various elements of factory and automation systems to enhance efficiency and dependability. It aims on creating innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top China's corporation expert in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. Renowned for cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly energy programs in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to describe the ability of massively scaled power production or usage. It emphasizes the immense energy magnitude involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the cost per unit of production reduces as total output increases, due to learning curve and optimization gained over time. This effect highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems transform sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that renewable energy sources are economically viable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a system of power lines, providing a dependable source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the region, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is crucial for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It is a renewable, renewable, and eco-conscious energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in domestic, corporate, and industrial sites to create green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered items features a variety of gadgets that utilize sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These items include covering solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, providing flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses or mirrors focusing sunlight on highly efficient solar cells, significantly enhancing energy capture using less space. This approach is particularly effective in areas with direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
